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The Agriculture of Madagascar is heavily influenced by its rainfall, which is generally abundant on the whole East coast, decreases sharply on the highlands falling to less than 500 mm per year in the South and South-West. The main growing season starts with the first rains in October – November. The cropping calendar greatly varies from region to region, according to the very different climatic conditions, soils and altitude.〔Ministry of Agriculture of Madagascar website. http://www.agriculture.gov.mg/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=160&lang=fr〕 ==Farming statistics== There are 2,4 million farms〔FAO. The state of food and agriculture 2010-11 Annex 3, Table A5. http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i2050e/i2050e08.pdf〕 of which the large majority are smallholders. This sector is characterized by farms not exceeding 1,3 hectares on average, fragmented (which hampers mechanization), with a large variety of crops, extensive practices, traditional varieties, limited equipment and infrastructures and poor water control, producing barely enough to feed their families. Agricultural production is not constrained by lack of cultivable land. In fact, out of the 41 million hectares of agricultural land, only 3.5 million hectares are cultivated annually. The remainder of the area is under pastures (37.3 million ha)〔FAO. Statistical Yearbook 2010, Resources Table 4 Land Use. http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-publications/ess-yearbook/ess-yearbook2010/yearbook2010-reources/en/〕 and forest (13 million ha).〔Evaluation des ressources forestières mondiales 2010. Rapport national Madagascar, Rome 2010. http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/al556F/al556F.pdf〕 Irrigation would be possible over 1.5 million hectares of which about 1.1 million are somehow irrigated, with wide areas needing rehabilitation and investments〔FAO Aquastat. http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/madagascar/indexfra.stm〕 Food crop production is the most important agriculture sub-sector accounting for around 75 percent of the cultivated area (2009).〔FAO. Statistical Yearbook 2010, Agricultural Production Tables 1 to 9. http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-publications/ess-yearbook/ess-yearbook2010/yearbook2010/en/〕 Rice is the staple food, covering 1.34 million hectares throughout the country – with the exception of some semi-arid areas in the South and in the South-West - under both rain-fed and irrigated systems. Other food crops include maize (mainly grown in the South and Central-East regions), cassava, sorghum (in the South), beans, groundnut, sweet potatoes and a wide variety of vegetables. Cassava is an important component of the smallholder’s risk reduction strategy because it is drought tolerant and resistant to disease. Cassava, sweet potato and maize are the main source of calories in the lean season (from September to January). Groundnut is cultivated on sandy soils in most locations and makes an important contribution to household diet and income. The main cash crops are cotton, vanilla, coffee, litchi, pepper, tobacco, groundnut, sugar cane, sisal, clove and ylang-ylang. In general, levels of production and revenue of smallholders remain low due to a combination of multiple negative factors including land tenure insecurity, weak organisation of the agricultural filières, low intensity inputs use, no mechanization, and low soil productivity due to land degradation (especially erosion in the highlands).〔UNDP. Plan Cadre des Nations Unies pour l’Assistance au Développement UNDAF Madagascar 2008-2011, Juin 2007. http://www.snu.mg/new/sites/pnud/article.php?article_id=748&lang=fr〕 Nevertheless, rice production has increased from 2.4 million tons in 1990 to 4.0 million tons in 2009 thanks to the increase of both cultivated area (15 percent) and yields (40 percent). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Agriculture of Madagascar」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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